BEYOND FAIRNESS: A QUR’ANIC–PROPHETIC MODEL OF ʿADL, QISṬ, AND RAḤMAH FOR JUST AND INCLUSIVE ISLAMIC EDUCATION MANAGEMENT

Abstract

Purpose: This study formulates a Qur’anic–prophetic model of justice for Islamic education management by clarifying ʿadl, qisṭ, and raḥmah and positioning them against equality, equity, and justice in contemporary theory. Method: A qualitative, library-based design combined thematic exegesis (tafsīr mauḍūʿī) of Q 4:58, 16:90, 5:8, and 49:13, analysis of hadith on just leadership, compassion, and the prohibition of injustice, and an instrumental case study of inclusion services at an Islamic university drawn from institutional documents. Data were analysed through content and thematic analysis with source triangulation. Results: ʿAdl denotes proportional placement of rights, qisṭ its measurable and auditable expression, and raḥmah–iḥsān the relational completion of justice. They correspond to equity, distributive and procedural justice, and interpersonal justice, yet rest on amānah and transcendent accountability. A five-layer model is proposed: theocentric foundation, ʿadl–qisṭ, raḥmah–iḥsān, equal dignity and inclusion, and accountability with remedy. The case shows institutionalised inclusion, but funding and proactive outreach remain limited. Implications: Institutions can translate the model into auditable indicators, and future research can develop Islamic justice instruments.